Science Foundations

What you'll learn

• Read and interpret line graphs, bar charts, scatter plots, and data tables
• Identify independent and dependent variables in experiments
• Recognize trends, direct relationships, and inverse relationships in data
• Extract specific data points from complex figures quickly

Key concepts

ACT Science questions primarily test your ability to interpret data rather than recall scientific facts. Data Representation passages present graphs, tables, or figures and ask you to read values, identify trends, and make predictions. When reading a graph, always check the axis labels and units first. A direct (positive) relationship means both variables increase together; an inverse (negative) relationship means one increases while the other decreases. Beyond simple lookups, expect to interpolate and extrapolate (read a value between or beyond the plotted points), combine two figures (find X in Figure 1, then read the matching Y in Figure 2), and hold one variable constant while comparing another. First note: Science is now a separate OPTIONAL section that does not change your 1-36 composite, so take it only if a target college requires or recommends it. If you are taking it, careful reading of axes and units turns many questions into reliable points, but treat the trickier multi-figure questions with respect.

Pro tips

• Read the axis labels and units before looking at the data. Many wrong answers simply switch units.
• Use your finger or pencil to trace along graph lines to find exact intersection points.
• You do not need to read the full passage text first; go straight to the questions and refer back to the figures as needed.